Layer-specific electric fields and effective conductivity in nonhuman primates during transcranial electrical stimulation

Our findings provide direct in vivo evidence for layer-specific electric fields and effective electrical conductivity at the mesoscale in the primate cortex, emphasizing the importance of considering laminar cortical organization. This work advances the fundamental understanding of how externally applied currents interact with the brain and provides a basis for more accurate computational models and clinically relevant neuromodulation strategies.