Endometrial Thinness and Infertility: A Comparative Review of Biomedical and Unani Therapeutic Concepts

Endometrial receptivity is fundamental to successful embryo implantation, and endometrial thickness is widely regarded as a reliable clinical marker of uterine readiness. A thin endometrium, commonly defined as less than 7 mm, constitutes a significant barrier to implantation and is associated with reduced conception rates, implantation failure, and suboptimal outcomes in assisted reproductive technologies.From the Unani perspective, this condition corresponds to Sue-Mizāj-e-Raḥim, particularly Barid wa Yābis Mizāj, along with Qillat-e-Dam and weakening of Harārat-e-Gharīziyya, which together impair uterine nourishment, proliferation, and receptivity.Classical Unani scholars describe that disturbances in uterine temperament, circulation, and tissue vitality compromise the Quwwat-e-Qābilah-e-Raḥim (receptive faculty of the uterus), thereby hindering implantation. Despite advances in modern reproductive medicine, thin endometrium remains a challenging clinical entity due to its multifactorial etiology, complex pathophysiology, and limited responsiveness to available therapies, a concept that closely aligns with the Unani emphasis on individualized assessment and correction of underlying uterine derangements.