The Prospects of Mango ( <i>Mangifera indica</i> ) Fruit Wastes for Renewable Biofuel Production: A Review

Fossil fuel has remained a dominant energy source worldwide, despite being among the leading contributors to environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Climate change, shortage of energy supplies, unsustainable prices, and supply constraints have made energy availability and security extremely problematic. Thus, there is a growing global consensus that renewable energy sources should replace fossil fuels to reduce environmental pollution and greenhouse gas emissions which pose severe threat to the ecosystem and cause climate change and global warming. Among these, biofuels including bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas are renewable energy sources produced from a wide range of biomass materials. Biofuel is chosen as the best option as it offers the dual advantage of providing green energy while simultaneously reducing environmental waste. The present review delves into recently published articles, and book chapters about biofuels from a variety of reliable sources including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier and Scopus. A total of 89 articles published between 2020–2025 were examined. Mendeley software (2016 version) was used to manage the references including organizing citations, ensuring consistent formatting, and automatically generating the reference list according to the required style. Mango waste's biochemical composition, energy conversion, technical advancement, environmental benefits, and scalability issues have been well considered in this assessment. This review evaluates the potential of mango waste as a suitable biomass feedstock for renewable energy production. Findings indicate that mango waste, including peels, seeds, and pulp contains 60%–70% carbohydrate which is potential for bioethanol, biodiesel, and biogas (methane 45% - 60%) production. The study examined biofuels generation from mango wastes and to determine their potential as renewable energy sources, advantages to the environment and economy, technological developments as well as issues with production, and scalability for sustainable energy solutions.