Association Between Medical Cannabis Use and Substance Use Disorder in Patients with Dysuria: A Propensity-Score Matched Cohort Study Using Federated Network of Global Real-World Data

Background/Objectives: To evaluate whether medical cannabis (MC) use following dysuria diagnosis is associated with increased risk of developing substance use disorder (SUD), given rising cannabis prescriptions for urologic symptoms and concerns about long-term consequences. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX Research Network, a federated electronic health record database with over 120 million patients. Adult patients newly diagnosed with dysuria between 2003 and 2024 were identified and stratified by subsequent cannabis exposure. MC users were defined by a cannabis-related diagnostic code within 90 days of dysuria diagnosis. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed 1:1 by age, sex, and race. The primary outcome was a new diagnosis of SUD (cannabis, opioid, or cocaine use disorders) within 12 months. Secondary analysis included Kaplan–Meier (KM) survival estimates over 5 years. Risk ratios (RR), odds ratios (OR), and hazard ratios (HR) were calculated. OR and RR estimated the likelihood of SUD within 12 months, and HR reflected relative hazard over 5 years. Results: After excluding patients with prior SUD, the final sample included 60,544 MC patients and 98,715 general dysuria (GD) patients. The MC group had a significantly higher incidence of new SUD diagnoses (11.13%) than the GD group (2.28%), yielding a risk difference of −8.85% (95% CI: −9.11 to −8.58; p < 0.0001), relative risk 0.205, and OR 0.186. KM analysis showed lower SUD-free survival in MC (80.96%) versus GD (96.35%; log-rank p < 0.0001). MC exposure was associated with nearly fivefold increased odds of SUD within 12 months (OR = 0.186) and sixfold higher hazard over 5 years (HR = 0.163). Conclusions: Medical cannabis use after dysuria is linked to markedly increased risk and earlier onset of SUD. Careful patient selection, counseling, and monitoring are essential when prescribing MC for urologic symptoms.