Interaction of Environment and Vineyard Management Effects Shape Microbial Functionality, Terroir, and Grape Qualities

Vineyards are complex agroecological systems, with geographically distinct microbial communities playing a central role in mediating vine health, grape quality, and ultimately local wine characteristics (terroir). However, the extent to which environmental factors and vineyard management practices interact to shape these microbial communities and their functions remains poorly understood. We implemented a multidisciplinary citizen science collaboration together with winegrowers to sample 19 Pinot Noir vineyards across two distinct Swiss regions (N=38 samples). This allowed us to evaluate how a combination of environmental conditions and management practices (such as cover cropping and fungicide use) collectively impact soil and grape microbiomes, soil enzymatic activities, nutrient concentration in leaves, and grape chemistry. Regional differences were the primary drivers of variation, but multivariate analysis revealed a distinct, secondary influence from management practices on soil and berries. Berry quality was linked to functional soil properties, including microbial activity, which were further associated with key fermentative yeasts likely involved in wine fermentation. These findings highlight the interconnected nature of environmental, microbial, and agronomic factors in grapevine systems and offer novel insights into functional aspects of microbial terroir.