Steering the wheel to deliver what? Innovation, coalitions, and directionality in Latin American biologics

Abstract This paper analyzes the functioning and delivery capacities of the biologics for human health innovation systems in Latin America through the cases of Argentina, Brazil, and Colombia. Using the Sectoral Systems of Innovation (SSI) framework, we analyse the systems’ structural characteristics—actors, institutions, and interrelations—enriched by a political economy perspective. We show that variations in SSI among these countries stem from tensions between system composition, shaped by coalitions of key actors, political commitments, cultural values, broader political aims, and differing interpretations of the public good. These factors influence technology development, innovation priorities, market dynamics, and distribution. Ultimately, the working and delivery of biological products depend on coalitions of business, social, and state actors that either reinforce or challenge the status quo, steering certain policy directions, dismissing alternatives, and shaping future trajectories amid conflicting policy choices.