Effects of the urban environment and urban design on the well-being of older adults: an umbrella review

Abstract Background In recent years, the impact of the urban environment on the well-being of older individuals has gained significant attention, particularly in light of the increasing number of older adults living in urban areas. The purpose of this umbrella review is to provide a comprehensive synthesis of how the urban environment influences the well-being of older adults. Methods In January 2025, three electronic scientific databases were systematically searched for relevant second-level studies published in the past ten years (between January 2014 and December 2024) and written in English. Retrieved studies were independently assessed for eligibility by two different authors, and seven reviews were included in the umbrella review. Information of interest was extracted and summarized in a tabular presentation. The results were presented using a thematic analysis. Results Seven reviews met the eligibility criteria and were included in the umbrella review: all were published recently (from 2018 onward), while the primary-level studies they encompassed ranged from 2000 to 2024. The reviews research from all continents, though little to no evidence was found in Africa. Several urban elements can impact different aspects of the physical, psychological, and social well-being of older adults. Accessibility to natural areas, the quality of walking paths, public transportation options, neighborhood safety, and the availability of social and recreational amenities are essential for improving health, alleviating mental distress, and fostering social engagement among older adults. Accessibility and equity issues are prominent in urban planning, as inadequate distribution of services and green spaces, along with unsafe pedestrian areas and limited public transportation, particularly affect vulnerable older adults. Conclusions To address the challenges of an aging population, public health strategies should integrate the experiences and needs of older adults into urban design and policies and create an equitable and inclusive urban environment.