Engineering Zn and Cu‐MOF/Chitosan‐Based Materials for Enhanced Antimicrobial Performance: Recent Developments (2020–2025)

ABSTRACT Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), particularly those based on zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), have gained remarkable attention for their potent antimicrobial properties, high surface area, and tunable porosity. When integrated with chitosan (CS) a biocompatible, biodegradable, and inherently antimicrobial biopolymer, Zn and Cu‐MOF/CS hybrid materials exhibit significantly enhanced antimicrobial activity and structural stability. This review comprehensively highlights the advancements made between 2020 and 2025 in the design, synthesis, and application of Zn and Cu‐MOF/CS composites for combating bacterial and fungal pathogens. We discuss key fabrication strategies, including in‐situ growth, surface functionalization, and nanoparticle embedding techniques, that allow for improved dispersion, controlled release, and synergistic antimicrobial effects. Mechanistic insights into the antimicrobial action ranging from metal ion release and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to cell wall disruption are examined in detail. Additionally, the review evaluates the physicochemical properties and performance of these composites in various biomedical contexts, such as wound healing, implant coatings, drug delivery systems, and antimicrobial packaging. Despite their promising attributes, challenges related to cytotoxicity, long‐term stability, and regulatory approval still exist. This review concludes by outlining future research directions aimed at overcoming these limitations, including the use of green synthesis methods, smart responsive systems, and clinical validation studies.