The Knowledge-Attitude-Behavior Paradox in E-Cigarette Adoption Among University Students at Northern Border University, Saudi Arabia

These findings indicate that e-cigarette adoption is a socially embedded behavior shaped by gender norms and educational contexts, challenging information-deficit models. This underscores the necessity for theory-driven, multilevel interventions that address cognitive, affective, and normative determinants of behavior to inform culturally sensitive prevention strategies and campus policies.