Modeling a Shared Reality of Tractography through Varied Structural Imaging

Though diffusion MRI (dMRI) is the gold standard for white matter tractography, fundamental questions remain about whether captured patterns reflect diffusion-specific phenomena or general structural properties accessible through alternative imaging approaches. This work investigates structural probabilities within the human brain as a complex manifold and examines structural-functional relationships of anatomical bundles to clarify what dMRI specifically captures in white matter architecture. We introduce a framework to extract white matter pathways from FLAIR images without additional subject-specific anatomical context. Using a teacher-student model, we capture systemic information from dMRI-based tractography to guide FLAIR-based tractogram creation. The teacher model trains on dMRI features to generate diffusion tractography, while the student utilizes frozen teacher layers to extract tractography features using only FLAIR input. In our pilot analysis of 14 randomly selected subjects from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA), we performed additional inference on 9 withheld subjects to evaluate robustness. We assessed FLAIR-template generated streamlines using bundle adjacency and Dice coefficient at the voxel level across 39 white matter bundles compared to gold standard diffusion streamlines. Statistical evaluations compared our method against other non-diffusion tractography algorithms using T1-weighted and FLAIR images with subject-specific anatomical context. Results demonstrate our proposed method offers statistically similar performance to other non-diffusion methods when compared to diffusion streamlines These findings suggest that without diffusion data, our method captures unconditional subject-specific prior probabilities of tractography, indicating that tractography patterns may sample from a shared latent space of structural information not unique to any single imaging sequence.