Global patterns of communicable disease risk and prevention in migrant populations: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis

Migration constitutes a fundamental social determinant of communicable disease risk. Downstream interventions (treatment 86.8%, surveillance 78.1%) vastly outnumber upstream approaches (community-based 2.6%, policy 0.9%), representing a critical implementation gap. Context-specific, migration-aware health systems addressing structural determinants are urgently needed.