Intravenous chemotherapy versus intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma

Due to the lack of randomized studies comparing first-line IAC with IVC and first-line IVC + IAC with IAC, most of the included studies are not masked (blinded) and are retrospective in design, which may lead to bias. IAC versus IVC IAC compared to IVC probably increases globe salvage (overall), probably results in little to no difference in overall survival, may result in little to no difference in tumor recurrence, and may result in little to no difference in the number of grade 3 and grade 4 adverse events. IVC + IAC versus IAC IVC + IAC compared to IAC may result in little to no difference in globe salvage (overall) and may result in little to no difference in overall survival. Overall Currently, there are mostly only retrospective, non-randomized studies on this topic with only a few randomized studies. More randomized studies with a higher number of study participants and comparable long-term results are needed to be able to determine the effect of IAC compared to IVC, or IVC + IAC compared to IAC, in people with retinoblastoma. There is an urgent need to develop a standardized and internationally valid nomenclature of endpoints to achieve greater homogeneity and clearer, comparable results.