Response surface modeling and correlation analyses of mechanical and non-destructive properties in graphene–date palm fiber reinforced concrete

Achieving fracture toughness and sustainability in concrete remains a major challenge in modern construction. This study explores the synergistic effects of graphene nano-platelets (GNPs) and date palm fiber (DPF) on the mechanical and eco-efficiency performance of concrete. Eleven mix proportions with varying GNP (0-0.2%) and DPF (0-2.5%) contents were tested. Response surface methodology was employed to model five key properties-compressive strength, flexural strength, modulus of elasticity, split tensile strength, and ultrasonic pulse velocity. Pearson and canonical correlation analyses were used to examine property interrelations. Multi-objective optimization indicated that incorporating 0.199% GNPs and 0.99% DPF achieved optimal performance, enhancing compressive strength by 44%. The developed models exhibited high accuracy (R² > 0.96, desirability = 0.971). While GNPs increased embodied carbon, the overall approach balances performance, modeling precision, and sustainability, offering valuable insights for next-generation green infrastructure materials.