How fathers seek to break the intergenerational transmission of ACEs: A qualitative study of Canadian fathers

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with a range of negative health and mental health outcomes, and are often transmitted from one generation to the next. Although research has largely focused on mothers, understanding how fathers seek to disrupt the intergenerational transmission of ACEs is critical, especially given increasing paternal involvement in childrearing. Objective: This study aimed to explore how fathers who experienced ACEs strive to break cycles of adversity. Participants: Twelve Canadian fathers aged 25 to 47 participated in this study. All had experienced at least one ACE and had at least one child under 18. Methods: In this qualitative study, participants engaged in a semi-structured interview focused on their ACEs, parenting strategies, and efforts to interrupt intergenerational transmission of ACEs. Interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings: The analysis identified three protective factors that helped fathers disrupt the intergenerational transmission cycle of ACEs: (1) self-reflection and personal development, (2) intentional engagement and emotional availability as a father, and (3) reliance on support systems, including partners, professionals, and the community. In contrast, a fourth theme captured father-specific barriers, including limited access to father-focused support and stigma around emotional expression. Conclusions: Fathers are active agents in preventing the intergenerational transmission of ACEs, but face structural and cultural barriers in doing so. These findings underscore the importance of developing interventions and policies that can support father involvement and provide accessible resources on fatherhood. Prevention and intervention programs should increasingly integrate father-specific needs, challenge gender norms, and promote emotional openness.