Mesenchymal Tumors of the Oral Cavity: A Comprehensive Review

AbstractBackground: Mesenchymal tumors of the oral cavity comprise a heterogeneous group of neoplasms arising from connective tissue, muscle, adipose tissue, blood vessels, peripheral nerves, cartilage, and bone. Although less common than epithelial tumors, their diverse histogenesis and overlapping clinical features pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.Objective: To review the classification, clinical presentation, histopathological characteristics, diagnostic approaches, and management of mesenchymal tumors occurring in the oral cavity.Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using standard textbooks of oral pathology and published articles indexed in major scientific databases. Mesenchymal tumors were categorized according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, with emphasis on recent updates. Benign and malignant entities were reviewed with respect to their clinical features, radiographic findings, histopathology, differential diagnosis, and treatment modalities.Results: Mesenchymal tumors of the oral cavity encompass a wide spectrum ranging from common benign lesions such as fibromas, lipomas, hemangiomas, and neurogenic tumors to rare but aggressive malignant neoplasms including fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and osteosarcoma. Accurate diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical examination, imaging, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular studies. Early recognition and appropriate classification are essential for optimal treatment planning and prognosis.Conclusion: Mesenchymal tumors of the oral cavity represent a diagnostically complex group of lesions requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Advances in histopathological techniques and molecular diagnostics have significantly improved classification and management. A thorough understanding of these tumors is essential for oral physicians and pathologists to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective patient care.