Propulsion Systems and Energy Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) represent a promising solution to reduce consumption of fuel, greenhouse gas emissions, and dependence on conventional fossil fuels in modern transportation systems. This study focuses on the propulsion systems and energetics of hybrid electric vehicles, emphasizing energy flow, powertrain architecture, and energy management strategies. Various hybrid configurations, including series, parallel, and series parallel systems, are analyzed with respect to efficiency, performance, and operational flexibility. The role of electric machines, internal combustion engines, energy storage systems, and power electronics in optimizing vehicle performance is discussed. Additionally, the study highlights regenerative braking, energy recuperation, and control strategies that enhance overall vehicle efficiency. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of HEV propulsion and energetics, aligning with advanced engineering education objectives at the M2 level.