Impact of a multimodal hand hygiene intervention on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage among healthcare workers in Libya: a quasi-experimental pre–post study

Implementation of a multimodal WHO-aligned HH intervention was associated with a significant reduction in MRSA carriage among HCWs and a lower overall multidrug resistance burden, as reflected by the MAR index. These findings provide pragmatic, low-cost evidence to support strengthening infection prevention and control programs in Libya and comparable low- and middle-income country settings.