Molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus genotypes A and D among inmates and blood donors in Northeastern Kenya

This first genomic study of HBV in Kenyan prisons confirms incarcerated populations as high-risk. The predominance of genotype D-an unusual finding in this region and high recombinant frequency (100% of genotype D strains) underscore significant viral evolution. Expanded genomic surveillance is imperative to define HBV diversity, inform vaccine efficacy monitoring, guide screening policies and optimize control strategies in Northeastern Kenya.