Root exudate-mediated nutrient exchange in the rhizosphere: multi-element networks, dynamic regulation, and implications for sustainable agriculture

Root exudates act as both chemical signals for cross-kingdom communication and metabolic resources. Via root exudate-mediated carbon allocation mechanisms, plants and microbes construct multidimensional interaction networks in the rhizosphere. These networks involve both macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) and micronutrients (sulfur, iron, zinc), with synergistic regulation between elements. The co-evolved nutrient exchange strategies are highly diverse and precise. They not only regulate nutrient exchange via element interaction networks but also dynamically adjust to plant growth stages, soil conditions, and stresses (e.g., drought, salinity, pathogens). This dynamic adjustment helps plants overcome soil nutrient limitations, thereby enhancing their adaptability to complex environments.