Vector Surveillance and Control at Points of Entry: Implications for Global Health Security and the International Health Regulations

Abstract Vector-borne diseases remain a major global public health challenge, accounting for a substantial proportion of infectious disease morbidity and mortality worldwide (WHO, 2020). In an era of intensified international travel, trade, and climate-driven ecological change, ports of entry—including airports, seaports, and ground crossings—have become critical interfaces for the transboundary movement of vectors and vector-borne pathogens (WHO, 2021). This narrative review examines the relevance of vector surveillance and control at ports and conveyances as a core component of global health security and compliance with the International Health Regulations (IHR, 2005). Drawing on evidence from global literature and international technical guidance, the review synthesizes key pathways of vector introduction, the public health value of port-based surveillance, and the effectiveness of integrated vector control strategies. Particular attention is given to the role of Port Health Authorities, Integrated Vector Management, and cross-sectoral collaboration in preventing vector establishment and disease transmission. The review highlights persistent challenges, including resource constraints, inadequate sanitation, high traffic volumes, climate variability, and insecticide resistance, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Strengthening vector surveillance and control at ports is essential not only for preventing outbreaks of malaria, dengue, yellow fever, Zika, and chikungunya, but also for safeguarding international travel, trade continuity, and global health security. The paper concludes with policy-relevant recommendations to enhance port-level preparedness, workforce capacity, and regional cooperation.