Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Functionalized With Therapeutic Agents: Synthesis, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation for Biomedical Applications

ABSTRACT Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are of great interest in nanomedicine due to their potential as drug delivery vehicles. Here, magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) nanoparticles were synthesized via co‐precipitation and coated with oleic acid to prevent agglomeration. Their surface was functionalized with the biocompatible thiolated molecule glutathione (GSH), enabling the anchoring of the anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac potassium (DP) and the natural compound bitter ginger (BG). Powder x‐ray diffraction (PXRD) confirmed the cubic inverse spinel structure of magnetite with an average crystallite size of ∼10 nm. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) verified the presence of ligands and therapeutic agents on the nanoparticle surfaces. Magnetic measurements revealed superparamagnetic behavior, which is essential for targeted applications. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta potential analyses indicated improved colloidal stability and reduced polydispersity after functionalization. Preliminary in vitro cytotoxicity tests on healthy human lung fibroblasts (MRC‐5) and cancer cells (HeLa) revealed low toxicity for the nanovehicles and dose‐dependent effects for the therapeutic agents. These findings demonstrate the potential of functionalized SPIONs as versatile platforms for controlled drug delivery and diagnostic applications in nanomedicine.