Event-Based Surveillance in mass gatherings: a global scoping review on effectiveness, scope, and lessons learned

The included literature frequently describes EBS in MGs as effective, but the evidence base is limited and standardized evaluation criteria is needed. EBS in MGs is generally effective but under-represented in research. Future priorities include strong multisectoral collaboration, integrated surveillance systems, EBS evaluation platforms development and all-hazard coverage to ensure timely detection and preparedness for international mass gatherings.