Regulatory role of endosymbionts in parasitoid under thermal stress: a case study of <scp> <i>Tetrastichus planipennisi</i> </scp>

While endosymbionts provide measurable thermal protection, their heat sensitivity creates an ecological trade-off that may disadvantage parasitoids under climate warming. These findings advance understanding of endosymbiont-mediated thermal adaptation in parasitoids and have important implications for optimizing biological control strategies in warming environments. © 2026 Society of Chemical Industry.