Conducting process evaluations of WASH interventions: a scoping review of design approaches and indicators in low- and middle-income countries

Process evaluation is increasingly used to strengthen the design and delivery of WASH interventions, yet variation persists in how implementation is defined, measured, and reported. More intentional application of frameworks and structured reporting can enhance the clarity and comparability of implementation assessments, including more systematic approaches for describing context. By consolidating quantitative and qualitative indicators and the data types used to measure them across 6 domains, this review provides a foundation to support more transparent, standardized, and framework-guided process evaluations that can strengthen learning, adaptation, and implementation practices in the WASH sector.