Carbon capture, utilization, and storage in the low-carbon transition: a systematic review of economic viability and fiscal policy frameworks

Abstract Amid global carbon neutrality goals, carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) is gaining momentum. While Europe and North America leverage carbon pricing and subsidies to industrialize CCUS, China’s policies remain advisory, hindered by weak carbon markets and low pricing. This study analyzes global CCUS economics, revealing heavy reliance on subsidies (70%–80% capture costs dominate expenses), environmental risks (e.g. leakage), and profitability challenges for CO2-enhanced oil recovery above USD 30.8 per ton. To advance China’s CCUS industrialization, we recommend accelerating technology innovation, developing cluster hubs, and integrating fiscal incentives with regulatory frameworks to ensure economic viability and sustainability.