Molecular detection reveals infection phenology of a host – Trematode system (Cerastoderma edule – Bucephalus minimus) in southwestern France

Accurate detection of parasites in their hosts is essential for pathogen control and ecosystem studies. The trematode Bucephalus minimus (Digenea: Bucephalidae) infects the edible cockle Cerastoderma edule, a commercially fished and ecologically important bivalve that serves as its first intermediate host, in which it can be difficult to detect. We investigated detection accuracy and infection phenology of this host-parasite system in Arcachon Bay, France. Cockles were collected monthly over one year to compare detection methods: stereomicroscopy of tissues versus molecular detection by quantitative PCR (qPCR) and digital PCR (dPCR). Visual detection reported 30% prevalence, qPCR 36%, and dPCR 50%, the most sensitive method. Seasonal cockle sampling and cohort analysis enabled tracking of the 2021 cohort over two years (Sep 2022 - Jun 2024) using both visual and molecular detection. With both approaches, first infection appeared when the cohort reached 14 mm shell length in fall 2022, most likely coinciding with sexual maturity. Molecular detection consistently revealed higher prevalence and greater temporal variation than visual detection, allowing for the first description of an infection phenology in this system. Prevalence sharply rose in spring 2023, was highest in summer, declined in fall, and increased again in spring 2024 to a lesser extent. These fluctuations appear linked to cockle size and maturity, as well as to the migration pattern of the definitive host (Dicentrarchus labrax), both influencing parasite transmission. Our results highlight the importance of using sensitive molecular methods to accurately assess parasite prevalence and understand transmission dynamics, essential for monitoring parasite and host populations.