Influence of Thermocycling on the Surface Topography and Bacterial Adhesion of Different Computer-aided Design/Computer-aided Manufacturing Ceramics after Immersion in Saudi Coffee

integrity over time. 4Thermocycling serves as a vital laboratory method to simulate this aging process and predict a restoration's performance. 5,6urface topography affects esthetic and functional properties of ceramic restorations, including light reflection, stain retention, IntroductIonThe integration of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) in restorative dentistry represents a paradigm shift and enables the precise fabrication of highperformance restorations. 1Materials include feldspathic leucitereinforced glass-ceramics, multilayer zirconia, zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate, and lithium disilicate glass-ceramics.Although feldspathic ceramics were historically preferred for anterior applications because of their optical properties and high survival rates, zirconia-based systems are now preferred in prosthodontic workflows because of their superior fracture resistance and a higher 5-year survival rate for zirconia crowns (96.6%) versus traditional ceramics (94.5%). 2 The long-term performance of CAD/CAM ceramic restorations depends on their ability to withstand dynamic oral stresses.Cyclic thermal fluctuations cause rapid temperature changes (5-55C) up to 50 times daily. 3This repeated expansion and contraction generates mechanical stress, which can initiate microcracks and ultimately degrade the restoration's surface