Trichinellosis knowledge and preventive practices in Mapuche communities of southern Chile: Evidence for targeted One Health implementation

Trichinellosis is a foodborne zoonosis that persists in rural areas where backyard pig farming and informal slaughtering occur. In Indigenous communities, prevention depends on interconnected human behaviors, animal management, and local environmental factors. This study aimed to describe knowledge and preventive practices regarding trichinellosis among Mapuche communities in south-central Chile and to assess whether higher knowledge is associated with safer practices, while controlling for community and demographic factors. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 180 adults from nine Mapuche communities in Contulmo, Chile. Knowledge and preventive practices were summarized using a score ranging from 0 to 9. The association between knowledge and practices was analyzed with adjusted regression models controlling for community, sex, and age group. Principal component analysis identified common patterns among items. Results indicated that knowledge was generally high (average 7.47/9), whereas preventive practices were lower (average 6.21/9), with gaps in routine hygiene and in the disposal of infected meat. Preventive practices improved with increased knowledge after adjustments (β = 0.362 for each additional correct knowledge item; 95% CI 0.208-0.516; <i>p</i> < 0.001). Some community differences in practices persisted even after demographic adjustments. PCA revealed two main dimensions related to prevention behaviors and food-preparation misconceptions. The conclusions indicate that higher levels of knowledge correlate with safer practices, yet implementation gaps and community differences persist. One Health strategies should integrate culturally appropriate risk communication with community-specific support measures to enhance the practicality of testing and safe carcass disposal.