Differential Effects of EP3, FP, and EP2 Receptor Agonists on Orbital Adipogenesis in a 3D Spheroid Model of Thyroid Eye Disease

Activation of EP3, FP, and EP2 receptors differentially modulates orbital adipogenesis. Among them, EP3 receptor activation by sulprostone suppresses adipogenic differentiation without increasing the evaluated inflammatory cytokines in our study. These findings suggest that EP3 receptor agonism may represent a potential strategy for limiting orbital fat expansion in TED, although further <i>in vivo</i> studies are required to evaluate its therapeutic feasibility and safety.