Broadband Timing and Spectral Study of Accreting Millisecond X-Ray Pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658 during Its 2022 Outburst

Abstract We report on our investigation of the NuSTAR and AstroSat observations along with simultaneous NICER observations of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1808.4–3658, obtained during its tenth outburst from 2022. The NuSTAR observation captured the source near the outburst peak, while AstroSat observed it during the decay phase. Coherent pulsations at ∼401 Hz were detected throughout the outburst, with the fundamental amplitude in the 3–30 keV range increasing from ∼4% near the peak to ∼6% during the decay. The pulsations display strong energy dependence and negative time lags of ∼0.2–0.3 ms, with harder photons leading softer ones. The broadband spectra in both epochs are well described by a soft thermal component and Comptonized continuum, together with a prominent relativistic reflection component. As the outburst evolved, the continuum softened (Γ increasing from ∼1.88 to ∼1.99) and the coronal electron temperature decreased ( kT e from ∼31 to ∼18 keV), consistent with enhanced Compton cooling at lower accretion rates. The ionization parameter declined ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>log</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ξ</mml:mi> </mml:math> from ∼3.4 to ∼1.8) while the reflection fraction increased, suggesting a changing accretion geometry with a more compact corona and a larger disk covering fraction during the decay phase. The X-ray luminosity decreased by a factor of ∼3 between the two epochs. Our results suggest the coupled evolution of the corona, disk, and magnetosphere as the mass accretion rate declines.