Late Shang Zoomorphic Jade Objects and Implications of Their Diffusion

Abstract Zoomorphic jade objects, the most iconic type of the late Shang jades, are distinguished by their abundance and diversity of forms. Analytical data on the artifacts’ burial contexts and the proportional representation of animal forms reveal two distinct diffusion patterns: a maintained consistency in diffusion and an uneven and selective geographic distribution. The distribution of zoomorphic jade objects aligns with the political landscape of the late Shang dynasty, indicating military strongholds or key sites for strategic resources. In regions outside of Yinxu, most tomb owners interred with zoomorphic jade objects were of high social status, often with clear military backgrounds. Thus, these zoomorphic jade objects were not merely ornaments or ritual items but were also indicators of wealth and status in the late Shang dynasty.