Toward Self-Sovereign Management of Subscriber Identities in 5G/6G Core Networks

5G systems have delivered on their promise of seamless connectivity and efficiency improvements since their global rollout began in 2020. However, maintaining subscriber identity privacy on the network remains a critical challenge. The 3GPP specifications define numerous identifiers associated with the subscriber and their activity, all of which are critical to the operations of cellular networks. While the introduction of the Subscription Concealed Identifier (SUCI) protects users across the air interface, the 5G Core Network (CN) continues to operate largely on the basis of the Subscription Permanent Identifier (SUPI)—the 5G-equivalent to the IMSI from prior generations—for functions such as authentication, billing, session management, emergency services, and lawful interception. Furthermore, the SUPI relies solely on the transport layer’s encryption for protection from malicious observation and tracking of the SUPI across activities. The crucial role of the largely unprotected SUPI and other closely related identifiers creates a high-value target for insider threats, malware campaigns, and data exfiltration, effectively rendering the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) a single point of failure for identity privacy. In this paper, we analyze the architectural vulnerabilities of identity persistence within the CN, challenging the legacy “honest-but-curious” trust model. To quantify the extent of subscriber identities being utilized and exchange within various API calls in the CN, we conducted a study of the occurrence of SUPI as a parameter throughout the collection of 5G SBI (Service-Based Interface) Core VNF (Virtual Network Function) API (Application Programming Interface) schemas. Our extensive analysis of the 3GPP specifications for 3GPP Release 18 revealed a total of 4284 distinct parameter names being used across all API calls, with a total of 171,466 occurrences across the API schema. More importantly, it revealed a highly skewed distribution in which subscriber identity plays a pivotal role. Specifically, the “supi” parameter ranks 57th with 397 occurrences. We found that SUPI occurs both as a direct parameter (“supi”) and within 72 other parameter names that contain subscriber identifiers as defined in 3GPP TS 23.003. For these 73 parameter names, we identified a total of 8757 occurrences. At over 5.11% of all parameter occurrences, this constitutes a disproportionately large share of total references. We also detail scenarios where subscriber privacy can be compromised by internal actors and review future privacy-preserving frameworks that aim to decouple subscriber identity from network operations. By suggesting a shift towards a zero-trust model for CN architecture and providing subscribers with greater control over their identity management, this work also offers a potential roadmap for mitigating insider threats in current deployments and influencing specific standardization and regulatory requirements for future 6G and Beyond-6G networks.