The Multifaceted Nature of GLP-1: Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases

The aim of this article is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the use of GLP-1 agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and other potential clinical indications, including neurodegenerative conditions. The article describes the characteristics of the diseases discussed, with particular emphasis on the pathophysiological mechanisms and the impact of metabolic disorders on the course of the diseases. In addition, the specific role of GLP-1 receptor agonists and their mechanisms of action leading to improved clinical outcomes were discussed, including their impact on molecular pathways involved in glucose metabolism regulation, inflammatory processes, carcinogenesis, and neuroprotection. Based on meta-analyses of available clinical trials, the evidence supporting the effectiveness of GLP-1 agonist therapy in glycemic control, weight loss, and improvement of metabolic parameters was synthesized. Additionally, potential benefits beyond the metabolic system are discussed, including neuroprotective effects and impact on patients' cardiovascular profiles, as well as risks and adverse effects associated with the use of GLP-1 agonists. The collected data indicate the growing role of GLP-1 agonists as an innovative and effective therapeutic strategy, while emphasizing the need for further research in the context of new clinical indications.