Dynamic shifts in media literacy demands and the support of critical thinking in counteracting information manipulation

Introduction The rapid digitalization of various spheres of human life has led to dynamic shifts in media literacy demands. This study aims to examine the current requirements for media literacy and critical thinking in countering information manipulation within Kazakhstan’s online news environment. Methods The research employs an online survey and content analysis to explore the nature of information manipulation. In addition, an ANOVA analysis was conducted to assess the influence of age and place of residence on individuals’ choice of information sources. Results and Discussion The level of digital literacy in Kazakhstan, as measured by the ability to use digital technologies between 2018 and 2024, has significantly increased and reached 91.2% across different population groups. At the same time, the rapid spread of misinformation, fake news, and deliberate distortion of facts has heightened the need to develop cognitive skills such as independent critical thinking and fact-checking. According to the online survey conducted between June 18 and July 2, 2025, 68.3% of respondents reported encountering information manipulation and disinformation on the Internet and social media. The ANOVA results indicate that respondents’ age significantly influences their choice of information sources, whereas place of residence does not show a statistically significant impact. These findings suggest that approaches to media literacy should be adapted with consideration of age-related differences. The practical value of this research lies in its contribution to the development of effective media literacy education programs that support the enhancement of critical thinking and information analysis skills among various age groups.