Role of Stress and Inflammation in the Etiology, Treatment, and Management of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD)

According to the DSM-5, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is defined as a mood disorder characterized by physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms that occur during the luteal phase and cause significant distress or impairment. While epidemiological studies highlight that PMDD occurs in 1.8-5.8% of menstruating individuals, this is a vast underestimation prevalence due in part to cultural and systematic factors that impact diagnosis. That said, it is imperative to conduct research on this debilitating condition and its impact on overall wellbeing. The objective of this review is to explore the role stress and inflammation plays on etiology, treatment, and management of PMDD. To ensure a thorough review, the inclusion criteria focused on studies published in peer reviewed journals on etiology (stress and inflammation in relation to PMDD) and the treatment and management of PMDD. Studies conducted on topics pertaining to genetics and serotonin dysregulation were not included. Additionally, research conducted prior to 2005 were also excluded from the review process. Overall, existing literature demonstrates that stress and inflammation has been found in individuals with PMDD. However, more research must be done on the potential therapeutic value of Yaz, other COCs, and anti-inflammatory agents in treatment of PMDD.