Pedagogical value and emotional impact of fitness testing in secondary physical education: student and teacher perspectives

The study demonstrates that "active demotivation" is a structural defect of fitness testing that persists even in resource-rich environments. We argue that adding resources without changing the pedagogical model merely shifts pressure from equipment scarcity to time scarcity. To address this, we propose a set of Refined Design Principles, mapping need-thwarting practices to evidence-based alternatives to support a shift from Performance-Oriented Testing to Process-Oriented Fitness Education.