Dual-pathway detoxification by Dendrobium nobile Lindl. Polysaccharide: concurrent suppression of bound heterocyclic amine release and heterocyclic amine-elicited cytotoxicity during gastrointestinal digestion

This study investigated <i>Dendrobium nobile</i> Lindl. polysaccharides (DNP) for their effects on bound heterocyclic amine (HAs) release in beef patties, myofibrillar protein (MP) and sarcoplasmic protein (SP) models. Furthermore, the potential of DNP to mitigate free HA-induced cytotoxicity was evaluated. In vitro digestion enhanced HAs liberation, with β-carboline HAs showing the most pronounced release; DNP inhibited this liberation dose-dependently (max 21.00%-34.20%)-targeting carboline-type HAs in patties and all three HAs subclasses in MP/SP. The incremental release of HAs during fecal fermentation was lower than that observed during in vitro digestion, and DNP reduced this release concentration-dependently with selective effects-carboline-type HAs in patties, pyridine-type and quinoline/quinoxaline-type HAs in MP, and pyridine-type and carboline-type HAs in SP. DNP also attenuated free PhIP-induced cell damage by ameliorating oxidative stress and suppressing inflammation. These findings elucidate DNP's dual detoxification (blocking bound HAs release, counteracting peroxidative-inflammatory toxicity) and support dietary polysaccharides' role in safer food processing.