A Unifying Framework of Meditation Techniques

Abstract Objectives Meditation techniques have attracted increasing interdisciplinary attention. However, no comprehensive, robust classification system has integrated practices across diverse traditions. This study addresses this gap by developing a unifying framework for categorizing meditation techniques. Methods Two complementary studies were conducted. In Study 1, qualitative responses from 113 adult meditators regarding their meditation practices were analyzed using framework analysis and narrative review, yielding a preliminary taxonomy. In Study 2, the classification was expanded and refined through a systematic literature review conducted under the PRISMA guidelines, resulting in 113 relevant articles from the PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science databases, and these were subsequently narratively reviewed. Results A novel, unifying framework was developed based on the object of meditation technique and a multi-dimensional approach to personhood. The taxonomy comprises five typology clusters (physical, emotional, psychological, spiritual, and mixed), two classes (based on happiness or meaning orientation), and three variants (kataphatic vs. apophatic, formal vs. informal, and guided vs. unguided). Conclusions The proposed framework presents a systematic and integrative approach to classifying meditation techniques across diverse contemplative traditions. It provides a more precise structure for understanding the relationships between different practices, thus establishing a foundation for investigating the underlying mechanisms. This framework may also enhance the rigor of measurement in mindfulness research by offering a more refined categorization. Furthermore, it has practical implications for practitioners, enabling them to select techniques tailored to their specific goals, thereby bridging the gap between theoretical research and practical application. Preregistration This study was not preregistered.