Meta-Analysis Approach on Real-Time Pollution Exposure and its Impact on Pediatric Anaemia

Background: Ambient air pollution is a major public health threat, especially to children. Fine particulate matter (PM₂.₅) has been associated with anemia through decreased haemoglobin concentrations by inducing oxidative stress and inflammation. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where malnutrition, infections, and air pollution overlap, anemia is still a leading health issue. Method: This meta-analysis considers the relationship between exposure to PM₂.₅ and anemia in children across studies published within the period from 2010 to 2023. Results from various geographical regions, including India, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa, were incorporated. Results: A total of 745 records were identified through the database search and 10 studies were included in the qualitative synthesis based on the inclusion criteria. The heterogeneity between included studies was considerable, with a Tau² of 0.03, a Chi² of 42.55, and an I² of 79%. This degree of heterogeneity implies significant differences between studies, possibly because of differences in pollution levels, population characteristics, and study design. The overall impact (N = 6,550; SMD = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.07–1.30; p < 0.00001) was significant, suggesting that exposure to pollution has a quantifiable adverse effect on haematological well-being in children. Increased levels of PM₂.₅ correspond with lower haemoglobin and risk of anemia. Children with high levels of pollution in regions are at more risk, particularly those with any underlying health complication. Susceptibility to pulmonary infections is also increased by air pollution, hence additional health danger. Conclusion: This research critically assesses the relationship between contemporaneous air pollution and childhood anemia. Implications underscore the imperative for policies on the environment and health to counteract the effects of air pollution on the health of children.