An Improved Fit to the Density Fluctuations in Supersonic Isothermal Turbulence

Abstract The density distribution of supersonic isothermal turbulence plays a critical role in many astrophysical systems. It is commonly approximated by a log-normal distribution with a variance of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ln</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , where <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≡</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ln</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:math> M V is the rms volume-weighted Mach number, and b is a parameter that depends on the driving mechanism, which can be solenoidal (divergence-free), compressive (curl-free), or a mix of both. However, this fit neglects the driving correlation time, τ a , which plays a key role when compressive driving is significant. Here, we conduct turbulence simulations spanning a wide range of Mach numbers, driving mechanisms, and τ a values. In the compressive case, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> is not well fit by the standard expression. Instead, it scales approximately linearly with M V , and its dependence on τ a is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:math> , where <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≡</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ln</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , τ e is the eddy turnover time, and Θ is the Heaviside step function. Mixed driven turbulence shows a weak dependence on τ a , and for solenoidally driven turbulence, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>

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The Astrophysical Journal
Published
2026-02-16
DOI
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ae394d
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Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
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article
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article

An Improved Fit to the Density Fluctuations in Supersonic Isothermal Turbulence

Philipp Grete, Liubin Pan, Marcus Brüggen, Evan Scannapieco
The Astrophysical Journal
Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
article

An Improved Fit to the Density Fluctuations in Supersonic Isothermal Turbulence

Philipp Grete, Liubin Pan, Marcus Brüggen, Evan Scannapieco
article en

Abstract

Abstract The density distribution of supersonic isothermal turbulence plays a critical role in many astrophysical systems. It is commonly approximated by a log-normal distribution with a variance of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ln</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>b</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msup> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , where <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>≡</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ln</mml:mi> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>ρ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>0</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> </mml:math> M V is the rms volume-weighted Mach number, and b is a parameter that depends on the driving mechanism, which can be solenoidal (divergence-free), compressive (curl-free), or a mix of both. However, this fit neglects the driving correlation time, τ a , which plays a key role when compressive driving is significant. Here, we conduct turbulence simulations spanning a wide range of Mach numbers, driving mechanisms, and τ a values. In the compressive case, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> </mml:math> is not well fit by the standard expression. Instead, it scales approximately linearly with M V , and its dependence on τ a is <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>s</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msubsup> <mml:mo>≈</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>M</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">V</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">[</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mfrac> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfrac> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> <mml:mo stretchy="false">]</mml:mo> </mml:math> , where <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>λ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>≡</mml:mo> <mml:mi>ln</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:msub> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:math> , τ e is the eddy turnover time, and Θ is the Heaviside step function. Mixed driven turbulence shows a weak dependence on τ a , and for solenoidally driven turbulence, <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:msubsup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>σ</mml:mi>

The Astrophysical JournalVol. 998(2)
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Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
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