In Situ Characterization of Temperature-Dependent Thermal Conductivity in MXene (Ti ₃ C ₂ T _<i>x</i> ) Using Raman Spectroscopy

MXenes are a group of 2D materials that are made up of early transition carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides. The first MXene (Ti3C2Tx) was synthesized by Prof. Yury Gogotsi et al. in 2011. It has also shown the highest electrical conductivity among all 30 types of MXenes synthesized to date. Because of the tunable and metallic properties of MXene, it has been used in many applications such as thermoelectrics, sensors, EMI shielding, composites, etc. In 2D materials like MXene, Raman spectroscopy is one of the best approaches for nanoscale thermal conductivity measurements since it overcomes numerous limitations posed by traditional methods. It is appropriate for thin films, few-layer flakes, and nanostructures when large, defect-free samples are difficult to prepare. It is noncontact, nondestructive, and extremely localized, unlike bulk measuring methods like laser flash analysis. Herein, we used Raman spectroscopy to calculate the thermal conductivity of Ti3C2Tx using intensity and temperature variation. The approach measures heat dissipation by measuring the Raman peak shift of phonon modes with temperature. The results were also verified with a laser flash analyzer.