Latent Threats Identified During In Situ Simulated Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity Crises in the Operating Room: Implications for System Safety

The findings highlight that improving LAST crisis response requires more than clinician education. Many LSTs arise from how clinical environments are structured, how teams communicate, and how workflows unfold under pressure. To strengthen LAST crisis response and other emergency interventions, systems must be redesigned to reflect the realities of team-based care and to support clinical workflows across all phases of the response.