Microblade Technology, Population Dynamics, and Behavioral Evolution in Terminal Pleistocene North China

Abstract Terminal Pleistocene microblade technology plays a crucial role in understanding the Paleolithic–Neolithic transition in North China. This study synthesizes diverse data on microblade technology, raw material procurement, tool assemblages, subsistence strategies, and settlement patterns from multiple sites in North China, spanning from Marine Isotope Stage 2 onward. Furthermore, it provides a comprehensive overview of population-wide behavioral changes and cultural development processes in the region during 28–9 ka cal BP. By integrating chronological, paleoenvironmental, and ancient DNA evidence, this analysis demonstrates that the Paleolithic–Neolithic transition in North China was driven by multiple factors, including climatic fluctuations that influenced adaptive strategies, as well as interregional population migration and cultural exchange.