Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches of Intestinal Flora in the Immune Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

This paper initially presents an overview of the fundamental aspects of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), intestinal microbiota, and the immune microenvironment. The paper discusses how metabolites from intestinal microbiota, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), bile acids, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), tryptophan, choline, and inosine, influence immune cell activation and the immune microenvironment, thereby contributing to HCC development. Current laboratory methods focus on using immune checkpoint inhibitors, acetic acid, fecal microbiota transplantation, probiotics, antibiotics, and other strategies to alter intestinal microbiota composition or suppress metabolitemediated immune responses to treat HCC. This study offers suggestions for potential avenues of future investigation. A systematic analysis of the interrelationship between intestinal microbiota, HCC, and the immune microenvironment facilitates the provision of refined and personalized therapeutic options in clinical settings, enhances patient survival rates.