Prevalence of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in Colombian Pig Production Settings: A One Health Perspective Study

Zoonotic pathogens in swine production can negatively impact both human and animal health, with the environment serving as a potential transmission vehicle. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella</i> spp. in the Colombian swine production chain using the One Health approach. Samples were collected from nine farms and two slaughterhouses in the departments of Antioquia, Cundinamarca, Valle del Cauca, and Meta. The analyzed samples included water, feed, pig and worker feces, organic material in treatment (manure treated and compost), and pig carcasses. These samples were analyzed using standard microbiological methods and the Molecular Detection System (MDS). The results showed <i>Salmonella</i> spp. prevalence rates of 15.47% in pigs, 9.4% in feed, 8.47% in water, and 2.56% in organic material. For <i>E. coli</i> O157, prevalence rates were 25.71% in pigs, 10% in feed, 22.22% in water, and 33.33% in organic material. The high prevalence and bacterial loads in water suggest it is a critical reservoir and a potential primary source of contamination in the production chain. Although these pathogens were not detected in workers, the zoonotic risk remains. Additionally, the prevalence of haemolytic enterotoxigenic <i>E. coli</i> (ETEC), a major swine pathogen, was 40.1%. This study emphasizes the need to improve biosecurity and farm management practices to reduce the risk of environmental transmission, thereby minimizing public, occupational, and animal health risks. Implementing water treatment protocols and improving organic waste management are recommended to limit the spread of bacterial contamination. These actions are based on the 'One Health' approach, recognizing that animal health and ecosystem integrity are indivisible pillars of human health.