Novel Stochastic Sensors Based on Phthalocyanine Complexes for the Detection of C-NP, IL-6, and CRP in Cardiovascular Diseases

The severity of cardiovascular disease is linked to C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and C-type natriuretic peptide levels, stressing the need for a sensitive sensor that can detect these biomarkers at ultralow levels in real time. Whole blood samples from confirmed cardiovascular patients were analyzed for C-type natriuretic peptide, C-reactive protein, and interleukin 6 using three stochastic sensors. These sensors were designed using carbon paste matrices decorated with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs), on which different phthalocyanines were physically immobilized. The sensors exhibited exceptionally low detection limits (1 × 10^-21 g mL^-1) and broad linear concentration ranges (1 × 10^-21 to 1 × 10^-6 g mL^-1). The analysis conducted using the Student <i>t</i>-test indicated that there is no statistically significant difference between the results obtained from the three stochastic sensors used in the screening tests of whole blood, with ELISA at a confidence level of 99%.