Functional Roles of Non-Coding RNAs in Graves' Disease

Graves' disease (GD) is a disorder marked by an enlarged and overactive thyroid gland (Graves' hyperthyroidism), ocular abnormalities (Graves' orbitopathy; GO), and localized dermopathy (pretibial myxoedema; PTM). It is recognized as the most common cause of hyperthyroidism worldwide. Patients with GD most frequently exhibit elevated thyroid hormone secretion from thyroid cells as a result of autoantibodies acting as thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) agonists. Numerous investigations have examined the elements that contribute to the pathogenesis of GD, focusing on different components, such as molecular factors like non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). NcRNAs represent a type of RNA transcript that, while not encoding proteins, are essential in the regulation of numerous aspects of cellular biology. NcRNAs include major groups, such as circular RNAs (circRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), all of which are garnering increasing interest in the scientific community. This review will provide a comprehensive analysis of the function of ncRNAs in the development, diagnosis, and treatment of GD, and investigate the latest research in this area.