Saline Soils: Distribution, Impact on Crop Production, and Management Strategies – A Review

Soil salinity is one of the most severe forms of land degradation limiting agricultural productivity, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where irrigation is essential for crop production. The accumulation of soluble salts in the root zone adversely affects soil physical, chemical, and biological properties, resulting in poor soil structure, nutrient imbalance, reduced microbial activity, and ultimately significant yield losses in many important crops. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization, soil salinization is an expanding global challenge that poses a serious threat to food security, especially in irrigated agricultural systems. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the definition and classification of saline soils, their origin and distribution, and their effects on soil properties and crop growth. It also discusses methods for assessment and mapping of saline soils, and critically examines integrated management and reclamation strategies, including physical, chemical, biological, and agronomic approaches. Special emphasis is given to sustainable and site-specific practices such as drainage and leaching, chemical amendments, organic matter management, use of salt-tolerant crops, and improved irrigation strategies. The role of research, policy support, and future technological interventions is also highlighted. Overall, the review underscores that effective management of saline soils requires a holistic and coordinated approach to restore soil health, enhance crop productivity, and ensure long-term agricultural sustainability under changing climatic conditions.