Investigation of the Mechanisms of Transition of Gram-Negative Bacterial Cells into Induced Anabiosis Using Computational Methods of Classical Molecular Dynamics

Studying the mechanisms by which Gram-negative heterotrophic bacteria transition from active metabolism to dormancy is an important task, as it is directly related to the problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance and the spread of nosocomial infections. Using electron microscopy, microbiology, and molecular modeling, we investigated the dose-dependent mechanisms of action of 4-hexylresorcinol (4HR), a chemical analog of the anabiosis autoinducer, on the cell membranes of Gram-negative bacteria (using <i>Escherichia coli</i> as an example), leading to the formation of stressed, dormant, and mummified cells. It was shown that 4HR penetrates membranes equally easily both as single molecules and as micelles, distributing itself across the membrane so that the hydrocarbon radicals are aligned parallel to the lipid tails. When micelles penetrate the membrane, uneven distribution of 4HR within and between leaflets occurs, as well as lipid redistribution within the membrane, leading to the appearance of a third peak on the phospholipid electron density profile and a third black band in the membrane region in TEM images of such cells. At 4HR concentrations in solution of 200 µM, its micelles cover the cell membranes in a thick layer, penetrate into the membrane, and completely saturate it. Even higher concentrations create agglomerates or actually micellar arrays within the cell membranes, leading to cell death through mummification.