Artificial intelligence in next-generation smart packaging for pH and spoilage monitoring in poultry products

• AI-driven pH sensors accurately detect poultry spoilage. • Meat freshness can be visually detected via natural indicators • RFID/NFC sensors enable wireless monitoring of spoilage. • Deep learning methods boost spoilage prediction precision. • Sustainable, biodegradable packaging aligns with food safety goals. The international poultry market is facing mounting pressure to improve food safety and minimise spoilage and waste. The focus of this review was to provide a thorough and prospective account of AI-based pH-sensing technology for detecting spoilage in poultry products, with an emphasis on its scientific, regulatory, and commercialisation aspects. Due to clarification of the biochemical processes underlying spoilage-related pH changes, primarily caused by the introduction of psychrotrophic bacteria and the accumulation of basic amines, we emphasise the importance of pH as a valuable indicator of spoilage. The newly developed intelligent packaging systems, such as colorimetric films, VOC-sensitive e-noses, and wireless RFID/NFC sensors, were also methodologically assessed and can serve as valuable detection tools when used in conjunction with advanced artificial intelligence frameworks. Lastly, life cycle assessments highlight trade-offs between biodegradable sensor matrices and embedded electronics, underscoring the need for sustainable, scalable, and policy-compliant innovative packaging solutions. This review examines the use of AI-based pH detection not only as an upgrade but also as an avenue for reforming poultry product safety, international trade regulations, and supply chain sustainability.